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The International Journal of Vocational Education Studies invites readers to explore the historical dimensions of vocational education and training in the thematic section of this issue. Spanning diverse regions, time periods, and policy frameworks, this collection of papers examines the evolution of VET systems, institutional developments, pedagogical shifts, and socio-economic impacts. By analysing historical forces shaping vocational education, these studies provide critical insights into its role in workforce development and social transformation. This issue offers a valuable resource for scholars, policymakers, and educators seeking a deeper understanding of VET's enduring significance.

From an international perspective, a variety of alternating or cooperative vocational education and training (VET) approaches are emerging, with the aim of enhancing graduates' employability and facilitating their integration into the labor market and society. The challenge of youth unemployment is a central concern within this context. Much attention is given to the development of (dual) apprenticeships, while in numerous countries, longstanding dual VET models are undergoing modernization efforts to address contemporary challenges. The advancement of alternating learning stands out as a key focus in the modernization of VET systems globally. Alternating learning involves a blend of school-based (theoretical) and company-based (practical) vocational education and training. However, what initially appears harmonious often reveals underlying conflicts of interest between public goals of fostering youth development and private objectives of skill development. The international landscape for standardizing VET exhibits diverse starting points and developmental trajectories. Issue 3 of IJVES aims to showcase examples of VET system modernization, particularly in the interplay between school and company-based learning environments.

The second issue of IJVES focusses on the crucial theme of »Teacher and Trainer Education«. As the landscape of vocational education and training (VET) continues to evolve, the contributors explore and advance our understanding of the roles, challenges, and opportunities that VET teachers and trainers encounter. VET institutions and in-company training settings play a vital role in preparing individuals for the workforce and fostering lifelong learning.

Traditionally, vocational education has played an inferior role compared to general and higher education. At the same time, reforms are taking place in many countries to upgrade vocational education and training (VET). These reforms, however, have very different starting conditions, with regard to the status of vocational education and the structural characteristics of the educational system more generally. In the first issue of this new journal, we take up very fundamental questions of internationally oriented VET research, such as: What is understood by vocational education in different countries? How is it justified as part of the education system?